Serotonin Receptors and Transport Essay -- Prozac Medical Neurology Es

Serotonin Receptors and Transport Being that Fluoxetine (commercial name Prozac) basically functions as a selective reuptake inhibitor for the neurotransmitter serotonin, almost discussion of this transmitter is needed before its reuptake inhibition can be addressed. Serotonin (5 hydroxytrytophan or 5HT, for short) is synthesized from the precursor amino acid tryptophan finished the enzyme action of tryptophan hydroxylase (Abelson & Andrews,1997,p.794). This synthesis process occurs in the terminal boutons and the serotonin is contained in vesicles awaiting release when an action potential opens the calcium gates in the presynaptic terminal. calcium flowing through the gate adheres to the vesicle membrane and to the terminal membrane causing the vesicle to rupture and release the transmitter across the synaptic geological fault (Kalat,2004,p.61).Serotonin has multiple receptor types and subtypes that are linked to many diverse neurological functions. Beginning in the 1970s, radioligand techniques identified two broad categories of receptors, namely types 5-HT1 and 5-HT2, however, seek has since identified another twelve types and associated subtypes bringing the current total to fourteen 5HT1a,b,d,e,f, 5HT2a,b,c 5HT3, 5HT4, 5HT5a,b 5HT6, and 5HT7 (numbered suffixes represent types, lettered suffixes are subtypes). These serotonin receptor types vary by mess within the brain, e.g., the highest density of 5HT1A receptors a found in the hippocampus and dorsal raphe nucleus, whereas the highest concentration of 5-HT2 sites are found in the medial prefrontal cerebral mantle (Abelson et al. 1997,p.794). Once released into the synaptic gap, serotonin is not broken down by... ...membrane (Williams et al,1998,p.3291). The exact mechanism for the inhibition is not, as yet, fully understood, however, a more discharge chemical analysis of the likely processes is provided in the preceding section entitled Specific Chemical Mechanisms. ReferencesAbelson, J. , & Andrews, P.(Eds.)(1997). Encyclopedia of Human Biology. San Diego, CA Academy Press.Adelman, G. (Ed.)(1987). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (Vol.2). capital of Massachusetts Birkhauser.Kalat, J. W. (2004). Biological Psychology (8th ed.). Belmont, CA Thompson-Wadsworth.Siegel, G.J., Agranoff, B.W., Albers, R.W., & Molinoff, P.B. (1994). Basic neurochemistry (5th ed.). New York Raven Press.Shepherd, G.M. (1994). Neurobiology (3rd ed.). London Oxford University Press.Williams, S., & Mauro, S. (1998). European journal of neuroscience, 10(10),3288-3295.

The Civil Rights Movement Essay -- Black struggle for civil rights in A

The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution form what is cognize as the Bill of Rights. In essence it is a summary of the basic rights held by all U.S. citizens. However, inkiness citizens during the complaisant Rights Movement of the 1950-70s felt this schedule and its mandate that guaranteed the civil rights and civil liberties of all people were interpreted differently for people of color. The freedoms outlined in the Constitution were not enforced the same by the government of the United States for the unforgiving race as it did for the white race.You all treat us so bad, just like we are animals. Those are the spoken communication voiced by Mrs. Rosa Parks, a Negro seamstress. Whose refusal to move to the back of the bus and give her seat to a white man, touched off the hugely successful bus boycott of Montgomery, Alabama in the winter of 1956. But on a greater magnitude it fueled the Civil Rights movement of the Negro American. This incident al more or les s single-handedly galvanized Negroes to insist on equal rights according to the laws of the United States government and to end segregation of all public places.To build on the Montgomery victory, black leaders and ministers convened in Atlanta, GA in 1957 to form the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The SCLC main function would be to coordinate the efforts of the many an(prenominal) church-based civil rights groups. The mission of the SCLC was to gain all civil liberties by law and not by violence. With Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. as its president, the SCLC would become the countrys most powerful civil rights organization. With work to do in all areas to bring about social change for the Negronotably the segregated schools of the South the SCLC make this their first shot across the bough--figuratively speaking. In 1954 the Supreme Court issued its decision on the case Brown v. Board of Education. The Court ruled that separate-but-equal segregated schools violated the Fou rteenth Amendment and that school desegregation must take place with all deliberate speed. This order by the highest court of the United States were not embraced by the pureness Race or by the burceacy of most state governments. The state bureaucracies swung into full force to intimidate anyone associated with the Civil Rights movement. Black protesters as well as sympathizers to the Civil Rights movement were jailed ... ...tant musical development of the 20th centuryhas its roots in Black American culture.Thanks to the CIVIL RIGHTS movement, more blacks now institute a good education and good jobs than formerly, although there is still a long way to go. Some arguably believe the Civil Rights movement is over...but is it? In many areas of our country, there is still neighborhood segregation. Realtors and homeowners that conspire to sell only to white in order to keep black and other races out.The right to conjoin whom you want outside your race is still today a matter of discuss ion by parties other then the engaged couple.Although Blacks incur do strives in the job industries. Yet even in Year 2004 we are still achieving first (Black appointee) in some professions.In the meantime, black leaders and other black citizens of influence, are urging the black race to continue to develop and maintain a sense of pride in their culture. The phrase and song title made famous by the soul singer, Mr. James Brown, Black and Im Proud and the sister phrase Black is beautiful is a reminder to blacks (and whites) that they have much to be proud of.

Irony in Oedipus the King Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Irony in Oedipus the King When Sophocles wrote Oedipus the King, he knew that his audience would have some idea as to the outcome, his tale world a Greek tragedy which follows a strict form. Not wanting to write a predict up to(p), bland play, Sophocles used this knowledge to his advantage and created various situations in which dramatic irony plays a key role. Dramatic irony is present when the tragic truth is revealed to the audience before it is revealed to the characters within the story. Through this use of irony, Sophocles succeeds in telling a fresh tale. Even though the audience knows how the story will end, they are intrigued by the presence of irony. By crafting irony into his tale, Sophocles gives the reader a desire to see how Oedipus is going to mentally react to the events that are sure to transpire. Oedipus is self-confident, intelligent, and strong willed. Ironically these are the very traits which bring about his tragic discovery. Because of these traits Oedipus was able to solve the riddle given to him by the Sphinx. When this riddle was solved he acquired great popularity and power. He was then challanged into a riddle of his own where he had to divulge out the truth of his past and the fate of his future. By solving this riddle he lost all the power and glory, left to be exiled and become a beggar in another land. If Oedipus had not been so determined to escape and prevent the prophecy by the Oracle, he would not have fulfilled it. Possibly, he was doomed to fulfill the prophecy because he believed he could avoid it. Nevertheless, his fate was sealed by his actions of pride and determination. His pride of conquering the Sphinx led him to the marriage of Jocasta, his mother. Whe... ... truth, whereas when he blinded himself he knew the full truth of what the oracles had said. Sophocles successfully attained his objective in Oedipus the King through the use of dramatic irony. Works Cited and Consulted Abrams, M. H. A gloss of Literary Terms, 7th ed. New York Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999. Ehrenberg, Victor. Sophoclean Rulers Oedipus. In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. OBrien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968. Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. no pag. Available http//etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixednew?tag= creation&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi Yaeger, Werner. Sophocles Master of Dramatic Irony. In Readings on Sophocles, edited by Don Nardo. San Diego, CA Greenhaven Press, 1997.

The Atomic Bomb Helpful or Harmful Essay -- essays papers

The Atomic Bomb Helpful or HarmfulThere use to be a time in America when the name Atomic Bomb seemed fictional to some, non existent to others,and seemed only a dream to those in the perception world. That time is long gone.The day that changed all ideas and opinions about what war was and what is has evolved to be was August 6,1945. President Truman had decided to spue the Atomic turkeyard in orderliness to end the war and save as many lives as possible. The United States had dropped the bomb on Hiroshima in order to end the war almost at a time and avoid bloody invasion, thereby saving both American and Nipponese lives. Whether or not to drop the atomic bomb was president Trumans decision, face with this decision Truman researched and asked advisors to share their ideas about the bomb and then made the best decision for the American and Japanese people. In an invasion of Japan,the fighting would have been much savage, and the number of lives lost on both sides would of been tragic.(ONeal 35) The Atomic bomb was essential in helping to put and end to the war and saving lives. The decision to drop the atomic bomb was made by President Truman . In his decision he states, The only thing that was the right thing to do for the American and Japanese people was to end the war through the use of the atomic bomb. ( ONeal 36) Why all the controversy over the bomb? Historians and people today deal to ask this question along with others. Were the Japanese seriously considering surrendering before the bomb was let off, and was the only way the war could of been ended ended was throughout the bomb? The atomic bomb saved lives on both sides and served its purpose of helping to end the war. The facts remain the Atomic Bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima killed many civilians, exclusively if the war continued to go on it would of killed many more.When President Truman walked in to the White House he had problems and decisions lying ahead o f him that he knew little about.In his maiden few days of briefing from advisors and committee he had said,I have to decide Japanese strategy-shall we invade Japan proper or shall we bomb and intercept? That is my hardest decision to date .but Ill make it when I have all the facts. (Takaki 26) As you can see Truman had no intention of making uneducated decisions and he was by no means in a rush to bo... ...tomic bomb was being assembled at the time and it was to be let off on Tokyo, that bomb was never used. The 500,000 lives that were saved in bombing Hiroshima compared to the 100,000 that died in the bombing shows that Truman did in fact make the best decision when lives were at stake.BibliographyAlperovitz, Gar. The Use of the Atomic Bomb. lucre D.C. Heath and Company, 1974. Blow, Michael. The History of the Atomic Bomb. New York ,New YorkAmerican Heritage Publishing and Company Inc., 1968.Feis, Herbert. The Atomic Bomb and the end of World War II . Chicago Princeston University Press, 1866.Kurzman, Dan. twenty-four hours of the Bomb. New York McGraw- Hill Book Company, 1986. Nardo, Don. Modern Japan. California Lucent Books, 1995. ONeal, Michael. President Truman and the Atomic Bomb. San Diego,California Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1990. Takaki, Ronald. Hiroshima. Canada Little Brown and Company Limited, 1995.Wheeler, Keith. World WarII Time purport Books. Virginia Time Life Books Inc., 1983. Wyden, Peter. Day One Before Hiroshima and After. New York Simon and Schustler, 1984.

The Journalist, a Rare Breed Indeed :: College Admissions Essays

The Journalist, a Rare Breed Indeed   Hello? The natural law dispatcher answers the phone.   Hi there, I say brightly. My name is Aaron Mesh, and Im from the News Chief. Could you please transfer me over to Major Thomas? I need to ask her a few questions about the wreck over on Havendale Drive this morning...   This is my job. Im an intern reporter at the News Chief, a daily newsprint in vitamin E Polk County, Florida. Ive been on the job for the past 27 months. Once a week, I come into the Chiefs newsroom and get to work conducting interviews, gathering information, writing stories. Most of my life, Ive had a strong interest - some would call it an obsession - with newspapers and journalism. From a young age, I was drawn to the paper, running out to grab it off the driveway and devour the contents. I may be the only 17-year old with an edition of the Associated Press Stylebook and Libel Manual sitting in his bedroom for light reading.   Working for a newspape r has helped develop one of my best skills working with information. Ive always enjoyed gathering facts, interpreting them, and explaining to others what Ive learned. My internship at the News Chief has let me discover what it takes to find out whats expiry on in the world, and to understand and relate events to people in a fair, objective way.   Weaker areas have also been strengthened by my News Chief work. I have become much better at working in a group setting, making friends and generally being socially adept. (On the other hand, I still havent learned to type properly. We all have our faults.) Although my News Chief employment is far from my only interest - I could spend multiple paragraphs relating my bash of the 4-H program, for starters - working with a newspaper has been a unique and defining facet of my high school experience. Perhaps most importantly, it has helped solidify my goals for the future. My love of the print media has jelled into a desire to work in tha t media. My goal, at least at this point of my life, is to become an educated, well-rounded journalist - one with a strong cargo area of history, philosophy and literature. This understanding will allow me, while recording and dispersing the facts about current events, to communicate the truth in a deep in meaty way.

The Journalist, a Rare Breed Indeed :: College Admissions Essays

The Journalist, a Rare Breed Indeed   Hello? The police starting motor answers the phone.   Hi there, I say brightly. My name is Aaron Mesh, and Im from the News Chief. Could you please transfer me over to Major Thomas? I need to ask her a a couple of(prenominal) questions about the wreck over on Havendale Drive this morning...   This is my job. Im an intern reporter at the News Chief, a daily newspaper in east Polk County, Florida. Ive been on the job for the past 27 months. Once a week, I come into the Chiefs newsroom and get to work conducting interviews, gathering information, writing stories. Most of my life, Ive had a strong reside - some would call it an obsession - with newspapers and journalism. From a young age, I was drawn to the paper, running out to grab it off the driveway and devour the contents. I may be the only 17-year old with an edition of the Associated Press Stylebook and Libel Manual sitting in his bedroom for light reading.   Working fo r a newspaper has helped incur one of my best skills works with information. Ive always enjoyed gathering facts, interpreting them, and explaining to others what Ive learned. My internship at the News Chief has let me discover what it takes to find out whats going on in the world, and to understand and relate events to people in a fair, objective way.   Weaker areas corroborate also been strengthened by my News Chief work. I have become much better at working in a group setting, making friends and generally being socially adept. (On the other hand, I tranquilize havent learned to type properly. We all have our faults.) Although my News Chief employment is far from my only interest - I could spend multiple paragraphs relating my love of the 4-H program, for starters - working with a newspaper has been a unique and defining facet of my high school experience. Perhaps most importantly, it has helped solidify my goals for the future. My love of the print media has congealed into a desire to work in that media. My goal, at least at this point of my life, is to become an educated, well-rounded journalist - one with a strong grasp of history, ism and literature. This understanding will allow me, while recording and dispersing the facts about current events, to communicate the truth in a deep in meaningful way.

Financial Ratio Analysis: Pakistan State Oil Essay

In 2011, company is more liquid than other dickens years this is due to increase of Rs 983917 in actual summation from 2010 to 2011. And in 2011 to 2012 there is decrease of Rs 227300 in current asset. Quick Ratio is high in 2012 because stock-in-trade i.e. inventory decreases by Rs. 6854599 in 2012. Fixed Asset turnover is higher it means company has utilized its fixed assets more efficiently as comparing to other period. Debt ratio and debt to equity ratio render that Company is more leveraged in 2012 than other periods.This higher leverage in part explains Companys myopic financial performance of 2012 relative to 2011 because the leverage commits Companys interest payments that must be paid regardless of economic and market conditions. The ratios indicate that Companys has a higher cost of sales in 2012 than the 2011.In 2012 Companys has a better liquidity position, with both the current ratio and the quick ratio being higher than other years. In 2012, total assets are highe r than other two years and its fixed asset turnover is significantly higher than other year. Alternatively, the poor fixed asset turnover may indicate overcapacity caused by extremely poor forecasts of future sales. Or, the poor ratio may indicate a fundamental inability or inefficiency in using the deployed assets. Keep in mind, though, that the debt ratios used in the ratio summary above used total liabilities as a measure of debt. In contrast, capital structure analysis focuses specifically on long-term debt in cypher leverage.DuPont System of Financial AnalysisThe DuPont analysis is similar with analyzing ratios Company has an advantage in its leverage ratio in 2012 (Assets to Equity 6.95 compared to 6.26 and 6.89) and in its use of assets in 2010 (Total Asset Turnover of 4.93 compared to 4.19 and 3.9), yet has a poorer return on equity due to its low net profit margin. While one would expect a somewhat lower net profit margin for a firm with a higher leverage ratio (the firm has to pay interest to religious service the debt that gives the higher leverage ratio).ReferencePSO Annual Report 2012 and 2011

Creating Brochure Using Photoshop

Most of us think that creating the brochure is the quite an easy task and most of us doesnt think too much of allocating the time to It. But It is not so creating the brochure can make the work cumbersome.. pamphlet Is the silent but the most powerful weapon in the marketing field. It helps in promoting the products. So using the time wisely for preparing the brochure makes the work quite simple.Firstly we have to have a clear idea on what is to be included into the brochure, you need to get the specifications of the brochure such as dimensions of paper, trimming, folding, or nervus facialis cuts and the most of those things will depend on the budget allocated by the client. Now we shall look how to prepare a brochure In a photos. Firstly the photos package Is to be ready on your system. Next the piece of paper has to be folded into three gradients and then that would make you easy to know which side of the paper would be the main frame and middle and the last frame. Open the new document in the photos in which the dimension as per required. Select the appropriate document which is qualified for the printing out. Next bewilder all the images that are required In the brochure which makes the brochure attractive. Place all the matter which Is relevant does not place whole matter In the brochure It should be should precise and sharp such that it should attract the viewers. Next open the other new document comparable as the above required dimensions that is middle section of your brochure. Now take the print of the first side and place the paper again for the back side and that would finish your brochure.

John Steinbeck †“Of Mice and Men” Coursework Essay

Of Mice and Men written by John Steinbeck set in California near Soledad in the 1930s on cardinal men called George and Lennie who run to constricther from ranch to ranch trying to make their breeding like the Ameri chiffonier hallucination what Lennie shargons with George. During this time there was a drop-off in America, which meant unemployment and Racism was high so men had to go to different ranches. Racism and bad employment at this time in the United States was called The massive Depression. After The Great Depression, World War 2 had started and John Steinbeck decided to write the book Of Mice and Men what was influenced also by a poet called Robert Burns who was Scottish and also had released a book in the past. Later Of Mice And Men was published in 1937.The American Dream in the U.S.A is thought to be for whatever American to go through hard work and courage to achieve the goal of their life leading them to success. Lennie and Georges Dream was to own a f branch h ouse with oodles of chickens and rabbits.The American Depression what had been the harshest depression ever what was from 1929 leading to 1939. This Depression started in North America what went on to Europe and other areas of the world. Although it was started in the united states because of the tight economic growth, it lead the whole world to a disaster. This was originally started because of over production in agriculture what lead to rising debt with farmers.The ranch where Lennie and George end up working for was near Soledad, which is s erupth east of Salinas, Weed was nearby. Soledad what meant lonely was an ideal setting to the stage for people who could translate Soledad into English. All of the ranchers with them are lonely with no family and neer attain anything to compute previous to just their daily routines and also just thinking of The American Dream. After the ranchers do their routines the only mannequin of entertainment what they do is play cards.The ranch ers be extensive to no one what everyone knows Guys like us, that work on ranches are the loneliest guys in the world . . . They got no family. This also adds to the concomitant that the ranchers are missing out from a lot in their lifes as they have no family or friends to share their fun with and they have no life only sadness. Ranchers dont seem happy as they never have any fun entertaining things to case forward to like normal people so they just carry on with their lives in loneliness and misery.George Milton who is a small and intelligent man with sharp feutures. He is Lennies carer as he always has to take care of him and be beside him through everything as he is, his only friend. After Georges aunty died he had to ensure after Lennie as he was the only one he could talk to, precisely got fed up as Lennie talked like a child. crimson though George leads Lennie out of problems what he gets him self into accidentally he loves him a lot but doesnt like to show it.Lennie Sm all is large and has a unstructured face. He drags his feet when he walks, and lets his arms hang. He has a childs brain as he doesnt unfeignedly remember anything and looks up to Lennie as he leads him in the right way and always helps him in bad situations. Lennie in the story gets compared to an animal more than a human as he is a really big man who is mentally retarded Dragging his feet a little, the way a bear drags his paws. George and Lennie relation differs from the other ranchers as they travel together where ever they go and are not lonely as the other ranchers as they have got each other.Crooks is an old black man, he is called this because he has a crooked back he is the stable worker, with a personality just like Candys. Crooks doesnt like company like glass and also wants to live for George and Lennies dream. He has a small place where he lives by himself because of his color as he can not stay in the bunk-house. Lennie gets along with crooks more than anyone else a s their resemblances are the same. Crooks is one individual who spends most of his time reading and is a fairly clever person, he lives in a small space, with no one with him. He is segregated because of his color.Crooks said, long as you wont get out and leave me alone. He is not allowed in the bunk-house to play cards as the other ranchers say he stinks, but he tells Lennie You all stink to meCandy is an old man with one arm who works as a swamper. Candy had an old dog but agreed to kill it as the entire ranch workers were complaining that it smelt we cant sleep with him stinkin around in here.Candy is very attached to his dog which he had since it was a pup, and was the only thing he could really talk to. When he hears about George and Lennies dream of getting their own place, he asks them to take him with them and offers them his savings to help. He offers his money to them as he doesnt have any other family to share his savings with. Candy becomes very happy, as he thinks he wi ll not be lonely again, but these dreams are broken in the end.Curley the bosses son who was a welt weight boxer. He is short and wanted to prove that he wasnt a drudging man. He acts as he is superior to anyone else in the ranch. He goes around like he is the boss but no one dares to go up to him as he is a strong boxer. Curley is quite a violent man and in the story he ends up getting in to a fight because he thought that Lennie was laughing at him No big son-of-a-bitch is gonna laugh at me.Curleys wife who is always left lonely and no-one respects her, Curley never pays attention to her She is forced to flirt with other ranchers to get attention however, she does not get it as everyone knows Curley will be furious if he finds out and any one who will try it with Curleys wife will get into very big trouble with the boss. She is one of the loneliest people in the story as everyone neglects her and never pays attention to her so she is forgotten out from everyone else. Even though she dresses up like a tart she doesnt achieve anything wit the other ranchers. Even when she tells Curley I never get to talk to nobody, I get awful lonely she still gets neglected.The people who are most lonely in the story are Candy, Crook and Curleys wife. Candy is lonely because, he has no family or friends. His only friend was his dog who he could talk to.Ive had his since he was a pup. This shows that the main people who are lonely are really different from normal people as they never have anything to look out for.George and Lennies relation is very strong unique friendship as none of the other ranchers travel with anyone else or share experiences traveling together or either copeing with life together. They are good friends because they share the same dream of owning a farm. George wanted to be his own boss. Lennie wanted, to pet animals all day long and they both believed that it will come true and even when George has doubts he encourages Lennie. They both know how importa nt they are to each other and Lennie likes it when George tells him that I got you and you got me. They both look out for each other as they depend on one and other, they havent got no one else like friend or family Ranchers are loneliest guys in the world they got no family. In the end George has to kill Lennie to save him from being killed by the other ranchers what would have been twice as bad sightedness a close friend die.The American Dream was something what George and Lennie truly believed in. Without the dream no one would have nothing to look forward to but George and Lennie were strong in way of thinking about their future. This was their main objective through out the story of owning a big farm together even crooks and candy got involved in with the dream John Steinbeck wanted each characters individual self to have some thing to look forward to in their up and coming life.To the end of the story Lennie goes to the place where George told him to go if he got into any trouble near by the river. Then Lennie began to think and imagined a rabbit who told him that George would get rid of him because, he is sick of him. And when George comes to the place where he had told Lennie to wait Lennie asks that if he would leave him and George replies back no. Then Lennie decides to leave but George says no and reminds him of the Dream they had planned of them two owning a farm with Furry rabbits and lots of land. But then George tells Lennie to look across the river and Shoots him with the gun to the back of his head. Slim guesses what had happened and reassures George that it had to be do in the end for the best.This was very important for George to do as he can live a life where he doesnt have to look out for some-one else rather than him self. But also George will become really lonely without Lennie besides him and also their Dream of being together in a big farm had been destroyed. But now George can settle down and think about how he is going to go on with the rest of his life and what job to do without him keeping to move.The thing that has died with Lennie is everything that George and Lennie had. George had done everything for Lennie and could take no more. He had protected him so much an always encouraged him to the max. George killed Lennie as a good friend to save him from harsh misery.The theme of loneliness in this book is important If the characters in the book werent lonely then they wouldnt have done the things that they did and so there wouldnt have been the same. Curleys wife and Lennie die because of loneliness which causes George to be even more lonely. If Curleys wife hadnt been lonely she wouldnt have started the conversation with Lennie which caused her death.

Daewoo General Motors International Case Essay

Q 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of a hands-off, decentralized management approach?Advantages of decentralisationDecentralization will not work unless you really delegate both responsibility and authority. This means that the final decisions must be make at that set down level. You just cant beat a decentralized system. It gets decisions closest to the level where the action really is. And it really does something for people. The executives are immediately essentially run business of their own. The companyhas confirmed their authority by making it very clear it will not let people dissatisfied with their decisions jump over to the blank space office. Finally, getting the decision-making out of the home office creates something like a family feeling in the outlying location. People there begin to depend on for each one other.Disadvantages of DecentralizationThis means that the final decisions must be made at that lower level. Two things stand in the way of this wor king. atomic number 53 isthat the people who now take a crap the authority may not let go of it. The other is that the people at lower levels may not want to accept it. One of the problems, which decentralization aims to solve, is that the chief executive never has enough time to think about the major problems affecting the future of the operation.Q2. How Can Daewoo Stay Competitive with the Nipponese ?railway car industry is important to developing countries is this intensive linkage. Most of developing countries selected auto industry as one of the prime elements for launching industrialization in the country. An independent auto maker and to be globular top ten as in Daewoos long range plan, with 3.5 million production indomestic (3.0 million) as well as in overseas plants (2.5 million) could not achieved without the success of globalization.The leadership in domestic market might be another important factor. Korean auto makers including Daewoo has tomeet the challenges from the Nipponese auto industry in domestic market from the beginning 2012. The severecompetition in world auto industry induces the forecasting that onlyglobal top ten auto makers could survive in near future. We need more time to see whether or not Daewoo could meet the success the globalization and how Korean automaker, Daewoo could getover the manifolds challenges to be a global auto maker & key to success is the policy of Globalization.Q.3 . What were some of the controllable and uncontrollable factors in this case? How should Mr. Kim have responded to those factors?Controllable factorsKim deserves the most credit for the conglomerate initial success and responsibility for its ultimate failure Despite Daewoos initial achievements, the financial crisis fully exposed the weakness of its concentrated governancestructure. The concentration in decision-making power proved fatal when the conglomerate faced a crisis and Kims business acumen, ethics and principles faltered. Returning to its roots, Kim viewed the crisis as an opportunity for Daewoo to expand, not retrench, by acquiring distressed companies and turning them around. Kims autocratic control further centralized and decision-making suffered as a result of a generation change of his closest advisors. Kim had personally recruited many of these senior executives and they had grown together with the conglomerate expansion Until the mid-1990s, the key executives that surrounded Kim consisted of those that had been with him since Daewoos establishment.Uncontrollable factorsThe vocalism directors, boards of directors and statutory auditors of Korean conglomerates failed to fulfill their role as fiduciaries working on behalf of the delights of shareholders at large. They did not prevent controlling shareholders from taking advantage of non-controlling shareholders and other stakeholders as a result. Non-executive outside directors did not exist until they were required in 1998. This weakened potential checks a nd balances against the controlling shareholder Weak corporate governance of conglomerates and their vast vane of companies had a devastating effect when the1997 financial crisis hit.Q4. What do you think of Daewoo Expansion into Europe? What are the advantages and risks for the company?AdvantagesDaewoos currently at the crossroads of its European expansion in the automobile market. GM Daewoo has been successful in managing to market essentially the same cars in many parts of the world, particularly in the NorthAmerican and Japanese markets. Executives are wondering whether they should adopt more localized product level opment in Europe or not.RiskThe rebranding comes as GM seeks to make a comeback in the global auto market, after having been hit by the global financial crisis, completing the worlds biggest-ever initial public go in November. Its South Korean unit said that itwill drop the badge GM Daewoo, dogged by negative publicity stemming from bankrupt South Korean automaker D aewoo push acquired by GM in the early 2000s. It will introduce the Chevrolet brand for all of its new products this year. The company name GM Daewoo Auto & Technology Co will withal be replaced by GM Korea Company in the first quarter.Q 5. Why do you think GM acquired the company, age Ford did not?In November 2000, the Korean government officially announced Daewoos bankruptcy and its assets were put on sale. Amid controversies and almost a year of negotiations with the Korean government, GM signed a preliminaryagreement in September 2001 to buy Daewoos assets for $1.2 billion.Reason why ford did not acquired DaewooFord pulled out of its planned $7bn (5bn) takeover of Daewoo Motor, the struggling South Korean car maker, daysbefore a deal was due to be signed.Company said that it had not been possible to agree on proposals which were in the interest of both companies and its with drawal was a business decision.Ford, which has been conducting diligent inquiries, had sought to redu ce its original $7bn bid to about $ 5bn to reflectdeterioration in Daewoo Motors assets.Daewoos creditors estimated in that the groups motor business had liabilities of $16.4bn, against assets of $ 10bn and as because company feels that Its a costly decision and at that time in 2000 Ford also suffering for its near bottom share prices.Q.6 What problems can GM-Daewoo expect in the future?GM General Motors like many multinational automobile excogitates has made the decision to excel in many researchand development operations Although the countries relatively new political stage, increasingly stable economy and improving infrastructure has presented unequaled opportunities for increased foreign direct investment conducting business for the, still presents a number of unique challenges.General Motors was not the first or the last automobile manufacture to enter into global automobile market presenting the unique challenge of overcoming the unique conditions of global business practice s while still maintaining competitive advantage.Lowered tariffs for automanufactures has cause an inflow of assembly operations from nearly all the major automobile manufactures However unlike its competitors, General Motors General Motors has learned how to carefully and effectively conduct business.General Motors success with its joint venture agreements and research developments has even led them to into putthem global perspective.

Accounting and financial history Essay

report and pecuniary historyIntroduction Many deal have spent their entire lives doing research on the ontogeny of report and also the financial history. Economic sector is the stronghold of every country and that is why the research has been taken seriously. method of accounting has taken different phases in its development and each phase have a significant meaning to the todays be process. The development has been influenced greatly by major economic, political and social events that affected the area in the past centuries. diametrical periods have also influenced the development of history, business and financial history. Every event that has been happening in the world has led chronicle to another level in term of development. Some of the events were negative while some(prenominal) were positive barely they all influenced the development of accounting positively and that is what people enjoy accounting in the current time. Accounting and financial history is interc onnected with events and periods and thus one cannot separate the two while studying this history. Different countries have different accounting history although there are some international events that had influenced much than one country and that means that they have the same accounting and financial history. The object of the paper is to discuss an event on accounting, business or financial history and its relevance for today.See more Foot spinal column In China essayRecognition and development of accounting as a profession in fall in States (1900-1920) In early 1895, there were more companies and corporations in the united States industry and they were both big and small. The market could not accommodate the big numbers of the corporations and companies and thus the only solution to this problem was to intermingle them in order to regulate their number. This process eventually happened form 1895 to 1900 where many companies merged and formed few big companies. A good examp le is the render order which was formed after merging many companies that were producing tubes. The many tubes companies formed one large company which had a lot of operations in it and that is where the rationalise of accounting got bear on (Charles, 1992 p.2). While the companies were small, they were calculating their financial results manually without any level of professionalism. However, the process of merging those companies and corporations made the companies and corporations to have a lot of operations and they needed a professional system of rules of accounting. They were in need of more auditors to work on the financial operations in those companies because the financial situation of the companies had bypast up and they could no longer depend on the manual or outdated methods of accounting. Some companies that were merging were from diverse locations and thus they were forced to open some branches where they could manage all the accounting processes and auditing of all financial statements for all the companies that were merging (Stephan, 2003 p. 200). Also the number of auditors was increased while some auditors seed on mobile bases, they could instill from one company to another because the demand was very risque. Another change that occurred in accounting due to the merging of companies was the effect of the third party in the accounting operations. Some companies that had merged had holdings companies while others were under the control of banks. The introduction of the third party meant that there was another party which would be interested in the financial records of a company (Christopher, 2009 p. 40). Banks would send their auditor to calculate the financial records of the company under control and thus the accounting system in the company was improved in order to improve accuracy. Involvement of another party meant that there was more work in the accounting and it required a high level of professionalism, and that took the account ing system to another level. Some companies would elect other companies as holding and they were responsible of auditing the financial records of the company because they were stakeholders of the company. In 1909, the congress passed a law that abolished the income revenue enhancement but it introduced franchise tax. Franchise tax law required companies to pay their income tax to the government this meant that they were supposed to present their annual financial statements to the government. They were forced to calculate their expenses and their income in order to come up with the right amount which would be taxed. This regulation required the company to have a building complex and well-established accounting system. The auditors from the governments were also required to calculate and adjudicate the financial statements of those companies in order to ensure that they were true. This event took accounting to another level of professionalism. After the introduction of franchise tax , there were no oppositions from the company owners because the tax had very low rate. The congress saw it as a success on their side and that is where they introduced a direct tax in 1913, this tax had higher rate than the franchise but it did not make an impact on fundamental law and thus it was appropriate to companies. In this decade is where the First World War was fought, this war had a massive impact on the financial status of United States and thus they decided to raise the tax rate of companies. The new tax rates that were introduced by the congress required companies to give their excess profits to the tax unit. To determine the excess profits of a company required a more professional accounting system. The government would carry out the accounting processes but the companies would also use their auditors to evaluate their financial statements for transparency and accuracy in accounting. The article gives a clear history of the two decades that marked the recognition and the proceeds of accounting in United States (Frost, 1994 p. 75). The events that happened shaped the accounting system of the United States, the current accounting system is out of those events and the way they influenced the accounting system. Currently, companies have a complex accounting system which ensures accurate financial statements of those companies. The historical event introduced an idea where a company had more than one auditor and that is what is there before long in companies. Companies especially the larger ones or the ones that merge employ more than one auditor, this is because they have many financial operations and there are more governments regulations that require financial records of every company. Companies currently are operating on diversified bases and thus they have inherited an accounting system where they have established accounting branches in different places. These branches are there for the purpose of accounting only. This idea was inherited form the historical event of accounting in United States. The branches are conducted by professional auditors from the high level accounts schools that were introduced in United States. However, there are some branches of accounting that are introduced by private agencies and thus they are not owned by any company. Some companies which do not have auditors or they figure employing auditors to be costly than hiring, they prefer taking their financial statements to the accounting branches. Other companies prefer to employ private auditors to do their accounting operations. The decisions of these companies are influenced by the history of accounting. Banks have been involved more on accounting operations in a greater way because of the influence during the 1900 to 1920 era. Banks have their auditors this is because banks and companies have become one entity. Companies currently cannot operate without the assistance of banks. Companies require financial assistance and also accounting and fi nancial advice from banks and in order to receive all that, banks must assess the financial status of the company and this is done through accounting process. This concept of accounting has helped many companies avoid serious financial problems but the original idea was from the 1900 to 1920 merging event. judicature has also been influenced by this event where the tax system that was put in action during that time is still the same even today although some terms have been changed. The tax Unit in United States have established an auditors unit that is concerned with assessment of financial records of different companies in order to evaluate the tax rates and the financial stands of different companies. The whole concept of government involvement with the financial issues of companies is as a result of the 1913 events of company taxations. Currently, government has the responsibility of annual assessment of all companies financial records in order to determine the taxation criteri a to use (Maher, 2001 p. 300).Conclusion In conclusion, accounting history of United States was greatly influenced by the political, social and economic situations in the country during the 1900 to 1920 era. The decision of companies to merge was the first step which marked professional recognition of accounting in United States, the issue of taxation during the same period marked the growth of accounting as profession in America. The two economic and political events influenced the current accounting system in a great way the foundation of accounting system in United States was laid down by the two events that happened in 1900 and 1920. More research is being carried on to explore more on the accounting history in different countries.ReferenceStephen A. Zeff. (2003). accounting profession in US a review Article. Contemporary Accounting Research, 2(1), 189-205. doi10.1111/j.1911-3846.1985.tb00607.Charles W. Wootton & Carel M. Wolk. (1992). Development of the big eight accounting fir ms in the United States, 1900-1990. a Review Article. Accounting And Business Research, 9(36), 2. doi10.1080/00014788.1979.9729170Christopher J. Napier. (2009) Accounting Historiography A Review Article. Journal Of Accounting Research, 1(2), 30-49. doi10.2307/2489857Frost, C., & Pownall, G. (1994). Accounting Disclosure Practices in the United States and the United Kingdom. Journal Of Accounting Research, 32(1), 75. doi10.2307/2491388Maher, M. (2001). The Evolution of Management Accounting Research in the United States. The British Accounting Review, 33(3), 293-305. doi10.1006/bare.2001.0170Linkshttp//www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCIQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruf.rice.edu%2Fsazeff%2FPDF%2FHorizons%2C%2520Part%2520I%2520%2528print%2529.pdf&ei=c53DVIq3HYOeygOhqoC4BQ&usg=AFQjCNHK0-fuRjxIaFx_Fhcm2irkeq0npg&sig2=Hbe-1XbRhXAfEQ1x7J7YEQ&bvm=bv.84349003,d.bGQhttp//www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CDYQF jAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fpure.rhul.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F9726813%2FNapier_Accounting_Historiography_Chapter_Final_Version.docx&ei=nZ3DVKCoM8fnywOW4oCQBQ&usg=AFQjCNF2TMA5Taow8bGh8IloT-akHFw_4w&sig2=YTqKJ_Jlv6iLFqsJYzkMjA&bvm=bv.84349003,d.bGQhttp//www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CB8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fclio.lib.olemiss.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Faah%2Fid%2F11128&ei=hJ7DVLHeOsGrU-SUhMAI&usg=AFQjCNGrQQW06W5SPOdjzoGajkftCRYMZQ&sig2=A3u6u9KN-zhmqfg2LH7ARA&bvm=bv.84349003,d.d24 author document

Biology Sensitivity Lab Report

To investigate the effect of uncase sensitivity In reception to cold temperature in different part of the body by timing the maximum amount of time in which Ice-pack back be held to that area. Hypothesis If the layer of skin Is relatively thin, the substance reply to cold will be the high-speed, Increasing the skins sensitivity. This therefore means that the fastest responses to cold will be in the face, and specifically the nose.The skin consists of 3 important layers the epidermis, dermis and hypodermic (also known as the subcutaneous). The epidermis consists of dead and nearly dead skin cells which protects us from injury, infections, fluid loss Acting as a barrier. The Dermis is the skin layer which contains virtually of the nerve cells, hair follicles, sweat glands and many others. The Hypodermic layer is not really a skin layer, it attaches the skin to everything else it contains the expand layer.The layer of fat in the noses hypodermic is very thin in relation to oth er separate of the body which will make the poise detect the change in temperature on the surface the fastest, therefore bringing upon the response In less time. Variables Independent variable The part of the body (area of skin). subject variable The maximum amount of time the ice-pack can be held to the skin (Using a stopwatch).Controlled variables * The alike(p) eyeshade group (1 55-CACM) * The same weight group (45-keg) * The same age group (15-20) * The same sex (female) * The same temperature of the Ice-pack (placed In the freezer for 5 hours) * The same surrounding temperature (20-ICC) The same body temperature (3709 The same material employ in the icepack( plastic and gel) The same size and thickness of the icepack (medium sized) Fair test This experimentation is considered to be a fair test because I think that most of the rabbles that can manipulate the results in any way other than the variable which I want to manipulate which is area of skin being tested, for exam ple the height group and age group are controlled which en trusteds that the layer of fat in different people is similar due to these characteristics. Materials * 3 ice-packs of the same temperature * Stopwatch * Thermometer * A long table Method 1 . Place 3 identical icepacks in the freezer for 2 hours before starting the 3. Take their temperature making sure it is around ICC (If not change wiz of the people to one with all the requirements including temperature). 4. Make the person lay on the table on her back. 5.Take out one of the icepacks from the freezer. 6. Place the icepack on the thigh and time the time needed for the person to reach his limits with the cold. 7. Repeat the above step for the other body parts (Upper arm, breadbasket, forearm, eyebrow and nose). 8. Replace the ice pack in the freezer again and take out other one. 9. Repeat the experiment on the same person another time. 10. Replace the second ice pack and repeat the step above with the third icepack. 11. Replace the ice pack in the freezer. 12. Wait for an hour to gravel the temperature of the ice packs in the freezer. 13. Repeat steps 3-10 for the second female. 14. Record the result throughout the whole process. 15.The results are not completely constant though since the belly normally has more fat than the upper arm, but since the belly was covered with a shirt beforehand this led to tampering in the reliability of the experiment which is noninsured a source of demerit. The thermo receptors faces skin is the most responsive to temperature changes the forehead had an average response time of 17 seconds. I came up with an average for each persons steer trials first, and then I came up with a net set of data for the average of all 6 trials on the two people. I came up with the final average by adding up all the 6 results from the several trials and divide them by 6 giving us a final result that we can work with to draw conclusions about our results and their reliability. Data pr esentation ConclusionMy main conclusion from this experiment about skin sensitivity in different areas in response to cold temperature changes is that the skin on the nose is the most affected. This is because of two things, the main reason being the layer of fat on the nose is a lot thinner than the layer of fat on other parts of the body like the thigh and the second reason being that thermo receptors which are the nerve cells which respond to temperature changes in the surrounding are highly concentrated in the face area so the fastest responses would therefore surely be from the face, explaining the fastest two reactions nose (an average of 9 seconds) and forehead (an average of 17 seconds). This supports my hypothesis since that was my initial thought regarding the experiments results due to scientific research.My results are highly validated since they make sense and are backed up with concrete scientific reasoning. The face brought upon the fastest responses followed by the belly and the arm. The belly has a thicker layer of fat than the arm this is where my results got a bit mixed up since the people tested were wearing shirts which warmed them up fore starting which brought a faster response due to the bigger gap in change of temperature. The thigh had the slowest response time of an average of 163, which is logical since the thigh has the thickest layer of fat in the midst of the areas tested. Evaluation In general I think my method was pretty valid since I controlled all the factors and explained the method in which I did.In my method I also showed steps of finding the average for the data collected which makes my results more reliable since they become more accurate. I also made the person getting tested to lie on a flat surface o that the icepack would be even on her body and wont move or fall down. Sources of error 1 . The skin temperature was not constant all over the body since the belly for example was covered with a shirt. 2. The Ice-pack got warmer, so the last tests were less reliable. 3. The pressure level applied to the ice-pack was altered and not completely constant. 4. The difference between the reaction time of the forehead Improvements 1 . The test should only be performed on parts of the body exposed completely, not the ones covered with clothes.

Military Spending Essay

Examine the extent to which intake on arms and the armed forces is justifiable in the modern world.With all its wars, terrorist attacks and genocides, history king suggest that the armed forces has a critical and unquestionable role in any nation-state. However, as Steven Pinker puts it We believe our world is riddled with terror and war, but we may be living in the most peaceable era in human existence. Since the peak of the cold war in the 1970s and 80s, organised conflicts of all kinds, much(prenominal) as civil wars, genocides, repression by autocratic governments, terrorist attacks, earn declined throughout the world and their death tolls have declined even more precipitously. Despite the manner of the New Peace, world war machine expenditure in 2013 is estimated to have reach $1.747 trillion and 2012 saw the highest total soldiers spending than in any class since World War 2. Are these legions spendings a good return on its national-security investment, for it is cl early an investment intended for peace and security. This essay aims to sharpen that expenditure on arms and armed forces be justifiable in the modern world to a very slight extent because it facilitates furiousness, results in situation imbalance and its money can be put to better use.First, expenditure on arms and armed forces is non justifiable as such military spendings facilitate violence and thus violates human rights. Countries without military content cannot easily undertake wars of choice or wars whose purposes evolve, as in Iraq, from dismantling wars of mass death to promoting democracy. The last five major wars that the United States undertook, namely Korea 1950, Vietnam 1955, Kuwait 1990, Afghanistan 2001 and Iraq 2003 were the ones in which the United States attacked countries that had not directly attacked the United States. Furthermore, wars involving powers that have the military and economic aptitude allows for such conflicts to exist for prolonged periods of time. For example, four out of the five wars mentioned above are tacit unresolved.The United States possession of military establishment that has a capability far beyond its ability to defend the homeland hence gives it a capability to undertake wars of choice, to the extent that Vietnam and Iraq prove to be miscalculations and strategic blunders. In the UK, the Ministry of defense reaction redefines the purpose of the armed forces as meeting a wider range of expeditionary tasks, at greater range from the UK and with everincreasing strategic, operational and tactical tempo which could only conceivably be undertaken alongside the US. This means that their defence capability is now retained for the purpose of offence. Expenditure on arms and armed forces is hence not justified on the grounds that they facilitate violence in the world as countries claim moral authority to launch attacks on other countries in the name of benign foreign intervention.Second, the disproportionate exp enditure on arms and the armed forces is not justifiable because wars are no longer the biggest threat to a nation. A report published by the Oxford Research Group argues that modern defence policies are self-defeating. They concentrate on the wrong threats and respond to them in a manner which is more handlely to exacerbate than to defuse them. The real challenges, it contends, are presented by climate change, competition over resources, the marginalisation of the poor and our own military deployments. By displacing people from their homes and exacerbating food shortages, climate change will cause social breakdown and mass migration. Competition for resources means that the regions which possess them particularly the Middle East will remain the focus of conflict.As improved education is not fight backed by better prospects for many of the worlds poor, the resulting mavin of marginalisation provides a more hospitable environment for insurrection. Aids leaves a generation of or phaned children vulnerable to recruitment by paramilitary groups and criminal gangs. The war on terror has created the threats it was supposed to defeat, by driving people to avenge the civilians it has killed. By developing new weapons of mass destruction, the rich nations challenge others to try to match them. In 2012, the United States allocated 37% of its budget on military spendings but only 2% on diplomacy, development and warprevention. This is alike more than spendings on healthcare and responses to poverty combined. The budget would contribute far more to security if it was spent on energy efficiency, foreign aid and arms control.Furthermore, the danger and conundrum of military spending is that the bigger the budget, the more stiff the lobby because which can fight for its own survival. This leads to loose budgetconstraints and poor control over spendings and programmes. In Saudi, the corrupt relations that have been cultivated with the princes result in civil servants defending not the realm but the arms companies. Even in countries with time-honoured governments such as the UK, some abuses in military activities arise because Congress cannot possibly effectively oversee such a large operation where programs involving $24 billion are enacted as a single line item. Hence, military spendings intention of protecting the state may be compromised by other motivations.Last, the expenditure on arms and armed forces is not justifiable because the disproportionate distribution of military expenditure leads to an unjustifiable imbalance of power. In 2013, nearly four-fifths of all military expenditure was made by 15 states and just 2 states, the United States and China, made nearly half of all military expenditure. American primacy in the orbicular distribution of capabilities is one of the most salient features of the contemporary international system. Their expenditures on arms is more than the next 14 countries combined together. This extraordinary im balance leads to a unipolar world likely to be built around rules and institutions as desired by the United States.The extent to which the powerful countries can translate its redoubted capabilities into meaningful political influence is debatable as the United States selective involvement in Vietnam or Iraq but lack thus in Cambodia during the Khmer Rouge era seems to reflect that Americas foreign policy , especially after2001, has been a reflection simply of the idiosyncratic and incitive strategies of the Bush administration itself rather than a manifestation of the deeper structural features of the global system of power. Hence, expenditure on arms and armed forces is justifiable to a small extent as it has allowed for the presence of many bullies on the world stage.However, expenditure on armed forces can also be justified as nations do have the sovereignty and right to protect their own nations. Ironically due to the current situation of massive military spendings, the worl d is still vulnerable to threats, especially from terrorism, in the modern century. The drastic increase in United States military spending in the last decade can also be justified by the September 11 terrorist attacks. Hence, it is in the nations interests to be as prepared as they possibly can. Since the beginning of civilisations, violence has had an unmistakable role in societies and there is little evidence to indicate its extinction in the near future. Some argue that it is human nature to challenge, agitate and expand.Furthermore, mistakes in history such as when Neville Chamberlain wanted to cut Defence spending in Britain and appease Hitler to achieve peace in our time have resulted in world leaders who are well guarded against making the same mistakes. Military capability is also an important source of legitimacy for governments. For countries like the United States, their formidable military capability is also a source of national identity and pride. From yet another per spective, it is also the responsibility of governments to deliver and check off that the security of its people is ensured within its means as stated in Rousseaus social contract. Under these arguments, the expenditure on arms and armed forces still seem to have a justifiable place in a countrys budget.Yet, it is important to keep in mind that there are means other than a larger military force to ensure these security needs are met. Despite the initial failures of League of Nations, defence treaties such as NATO founded in 1949are encouraging initiatives that have successfully reduced military spendings. The organisation constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states conform to to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party. Such institutions allow smaller nations to rely on the more powerful ones so that their budget can be more efficiently allocated to build their economies and such is the case in countries like Hungary, Poland and Ukraine .History shows that countries can reduce spendings speedily if they so desire. In the United states, military spendings declined by 74 percent in the first year after World War II and 23 percent in the first two years after the Korean War ended. Todays slow decline in spending on obsolete systems arises not because of the increasing threat of war but because there are weak budgetary and virtually non-existent political pressures on military spendings. attached that expenditures on arms and armed forces facilitate violence, leads to inefficient allocation of budgets and global power imbalances, it is justified to a very small extent.

Intel Corporation Essay

Intel skunkRobert Noyce and Gordon Moore Founded Intel in 1968. The two scientists had a vision for semiconductor memory products. In the form of 1971, the first microprocessor was shown to the demesne. Today Intel continues to prove not only in computing machine technology, just now in the scientific beas of chemistry. Intel has reached out and opened doors to the world offering education, inspiration, communication and careers. The article I read is one that reads how Intel is qualification a better approaching and touches the lives of many including a Colorado girl who received $100,000 Intel first prize Sara Volz is a high drill senior who has cultivated populations of algae in hopes to create a more feasible bio-fuel for the future. (Hauser, 2013) I denudation this article intriguing in a couple ways, first the brilliant minds at work in science and technology, and that Intel is helping and inspiring these brilliant minds to suppurate build their company in an un-sel f-serving way.Intel is a Corporation, which is define as a legal structure that enables individuals to contribute and pool resources, capital, and labor in order to give way a profit. They are created by state law in the stated in which they are inembodiedd. Intel Corporation makes strenuous efforts to interact with their stakeholders, providing information profiles, biographies and documents on their website. Intel is the worlds largest semiconductor chip maker the products they industriousness are computing and communication components like motherboards and wireless products. Intel strives to make the best product offering, service at your finger tips, extended service warranty, technical support, and Intel boniface parts on shop Intel. (Intel, 2013) Intels offers this globally to the B2B market and the consumer market.Intel Corporation holds about 80% of the market for microprocessors that go into the computers components nigh use today. Being turn one Intel has competition i n the computing and technology world, for example International Business Machines, AKA (IBM). IBM the top providers of computer products and services the company focuses on service business and is one of the biggest providers of semiconductors. IBM also serves customers globally across most industries. (CNN bills, 2012) Another competitor isAdvanced Micro Devices inc. (AMD). AMD is ranked number two in PC and server microprocessors, although Intel takes the world of processor market AMD gets most its sales internationally, china accounting for over half making it one of Intels biggest competitors. Intels motivates their employees by offering, Flexible Work Options this gives employees flexibility in their schedules with telecommuting, part time, and mull share opportunities to fit the needs in their personal lives. Family Focus offer childcare, and eldercare. Personal and professional development, Intel wants its employees to grow and helps with offering seminars tuition reimburse ment, clubs, and career training courses. Last but not least their excellent insurance coverage and preventive care, Health and Wellness Program to be proactive.The benefits and motivational factors may be one of the reasons Intels turnover rate is low. Intel saw 3% or less of their employees leave voluntarily during a 12-month menses when surveyed. (CNN money, 2012) Intel corporation (NASDAQ INTC) last wrong today is 23.96 on May 02, 2013. The highest was May 02, 2012 at a price of 29.18 and its lowest was November 20, 2012 at stock price of 19.36 (CNN money, 2012). Stock price has fluctuated at Intel over the past year but today is on its way back up. When buying shares of stock a decision is establish on how well corporation and their profits are doing. In 2012, economic conditions were low, the increase in the undertaking market means an increase in housing, and buying when people are buying like they are today in 2013 one is more likely to take a risk in corporate profits b uying in stock (LIM, 2012) Ten years from now Intel will still be going strong. According to Gordon E Moore, Intels Co-founder a visionary wrote a wallpaper in 1965 the paper notes in observation that the number of components in integrated circuits had doubled every year over and would continue. (AKA, Moores Law).According to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors the trend is expected to continue with a bit of slowing at the end of 2013. Intel is a large corporation that is growing every day, creating employee partnership, giving not only to the community, but to communities around the world, and making a huge difference. Intel Values their employees, the quality of the products they develop, and their customers.Works CitedCNN money. (2012). Retrieved may May 03 2013, 2013, from CNN money top companies http//money.cnn.com/ Hauser, E. (2013, march 12). New York Times. Retrieved May 03, 2013, from Science, Colorado Student Receives $100,000 Intel First Prize http//w ww.nytimes.com/ Intel. (2013, May 2). Intel Corporation. Retrieved 2013LIM, P. J. (2012, 12 16). The New York Times. Retrieved May May 02, 2013, 2013, from Your money http//www.nytimes.com/

Genetically Modified Foods: a Growing Concern Essay

Living in America, we sometimes for suck what a huge problem malnutrition and starving are in other parts of the valets. Its estimated that over 852 million heap in the piece are severely sustenance deprived. Now, imagine a world where no one goes hungry, a farmers crop clear survive a long drought or an early freezing and even so produce a large harvest, and harmful insects and weeds cannot survive in the same scene of playaction as a crop. Imagine a world where malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies are a thing of the past, be get down the food we use up is so much more nutritious. or so scientists believe that, through youthful technology, this world could be a reality in our lifetime. Im talking about catching ally circumscribed foods, or GM foods for short. People hand been genetically altering foods for hundreds of years, but due to recent technological advancements, the potential of these foods shake off changed drastically. M any(prenominal) scientists belie ve that genetically modifying foods could help end world hunger while others say that it could resolving in human and environmental catastrophe.Although there are umpteen potential risks there are in any case many potential benefits. Like the old saying goes, with great power comes great responsibility. Like nigh all new technologies, genetically modified food technology needs to be closely monitored and evaluated as it progresses. Ultimately, genetically modified food technology has too much potential to be completely halted. So just what exactly is genetically modified food? In short, genetically modified foods are organisms that bring on had their DNA unreally changed to give them a new characteristic.Normally, these modifications are made to produce plants that are skanky to herbicides and pesticides, produce more food, have more nutrients, grow faster, or survive in harsher climates than usual. However, there have also been more unusual experiments done. According to Am erican Scientist Magazine, a gene from a jellyfish has been spliced into plants to collect them emit light. In another case the Monsanto Corporation (the largest genetically modified food company in the world) is developing grass seed that will produce different colored lawns.These altered organisms are usually called genetically engineered, genetically modified, transgenic, or Franken-foods. Genetically engineered foods first-year went on the market in 1994. The product was a tomato engineered by a company called Calgene. The species of the tomato was called the FlavrSavr. Ironically, it was considered to have a mediocre flavor and neer sold well. The FlavrSavr was a commercial sorrow and was off the market by 1997. Despite the early failure of the FlavrSavr, GM foods have flourished in the last ten years. Odds are youve eaten many genetically modified foods and not even known it.Currently, The Grocery Manufacturers of America estimate that 75% of sueed foods in the U. S. ha ve at least one genetically modified ingredient. Although, genetically engineered foods have only been in turnout for the last 15 years, public have been altering the DNA of plants for ages. For centuries, people have been using artificial selection to cross-breed plants. For example, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cabbage have all derived from the same species of mustard. However, the process of artificial selection is really difficult and time consuming. Artificial selection is also limited to only plants of similar species.Fortunately, recent advancements in technology have made it possible to move DNA from one species to another regardless of their differences. The process behind GM foods is very difficult and complex, so this is a very simplified explanation of how it works. in that location are two main methods of genetically modifying foods. The first method uses bacteria to modify the DNA. head start, the scientist uses enzymes to cut the sought after gene out of the DNA. The gene is then coupled by a promoter and a terminator, these act as signposts to show the beginning and the end of the desire gene. Next, the gene is inserted into section of DNA called a plasmid DNA.The plasmid is then inserted into bacteria. Finally, the bacteria are utilise to infect the plant cells, where they transfer the gene into the plant cells chromosome. The second method is more advanced but also more expensive than the first method. Here, the desired gene is cut from the DNA then attached to a tiny particle of florid or tungsten. Next, the particles are shot into the plant cells using a particle gun or biolistic gun. Lastly, the desired gene falls off of the particle and attaches to the chromosome. After insertion is achieved, the cell is allowed to divide so it makes copies of itself.in one case the plants start to grow, they are tested to see if the gene was successfully transferred. Along with the original desired gene, a marker gene is also implanted in t he cell. This is used as an easily identifiable trait. This way, all the scientist needs to do is look for this trait and if it is there then they know the desired gene was transferred successfully too. Through those two methods, scientists have been able to do amazing things. The potential benefits of genetically modifying foods are incredible. First off, there are many obvious benefits for the farmer.Their crops will be better because of advantages like herbicide adjustment and insect resistance. Another thing is that GM crops are being altered to withstand harsher weather and collapse more food. Also, the farmer doesnt have to spray his field as much, cutting down on the amount of fuel he uses. Its estimated that GM foods have indirectly allowed farmers to cut back by 475 million gallons of fuel over the past nine years, which cuts down on greenhouse gas emissions. in that respect are even more benefits for the consumer. Because of increased production, there is more food, whi ch in turn means cheaper food.Also, genetic engineering makes it possible for foods to taste better and be more nutritious. In fact, scientists at The University of Pittsburg School of medicinal drug recently engineered a pig that generates Omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3s are substances that help forbid cardiovascular disease. If this is approved by the FDA we could soon have pork that is actually good for your heart. Another meeting of scientists have created what they call golden rice. This is rice that contains beta carotene and vitamin A. Many nations rely heavily on rice as their main food source and this will immensely help those people get the nutrients they need.Another crop has been created that ripens much slower after being picked, so it can be shipped long-life distances before rotting. Even with all of these benefits, genetically modified foods are still very controversial. Many people think GM foods are very dangerous and could result in human and environmental cata strophe. Some critics think that, much like bacteria that commence resistant to antibiotics, insects could become resistant to the pesticides used on GM crops, making them more difficult to deal with in the future.Also, new plants could produce new allergens and toxins that the human body is unfamiliar with. The majority of GM foods being produced are resistant to herbicides. Researchers believe that this will cause farmers to use more herbicides on their crops. In turn, this could result in pollution that could be harmful to humans and the environment. Another concern is that, through cross-pollination, weeds and other plants could pick up the modified gene and become resistant to the very chemicals that are used to kill them.Although there seems to be many concerns over genetically modifying foods, no study has been done that shows any major risk associated with GM foods. The genetically modified food business continues to steadily grow despite public ignorance and uncertainty. B etween 1996 and 2003 the amount of land being used to grow GM plants was increased by 40 times over. It is estimated that over 200 million body politic of farm land are now devoted to growing GM plants. In 2000, only leash countries made up for 98% of the global GM crop. America produces 68%, Argentina accounts for 23%, and Canada is creditworthy for 7%.Recently European governments and businesses have been pushing to boost their own GM food production. Nevertheless, harmonise to a recent survey by The Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology, Americans are still very uncomfortable with GM foods. The survey showed that the majority of Americans know little to nothing about genetically engineered plants and animals, but it also showed that American consumers do not support banning the new technology, but sort of want regulations put in place to ensure that the new products are safe.Regardless of how the public feels, we can expect to see more genetically modified foods in the fut ure and exponential growth in the biotechnology business. Some ideas that developers have already mentioned are bananas that produce human vaccines against infectious diseases, fish that progress quicker, fruit and nut trees that mature quicker, and plants that produce new plastics that have unique properties. As soon as more long-term research is done we can expect to see an explosion of unique new GM products on the market.Ultimately, genetically modified plant technology has too much potential to be completely halted. Right now, most scientists agree that there is no proof that GM foods pose any threat to people or the environment. With proper evaluation and responsibility, genetically modified foods could help solve world hunger. That is a goal too great to be ignored because of possible threats. There are many potential risks associated with GM foods, but the potential benefits far outweigh them.Works Cited Black, Richard. Europe Urged to Embrace GM Foods. BBC News. 12 Sept. 2 004. 15 April 2006 . Chaudry, Arshad. Genetically modify Foods. BioTeach. 16 April. 2006 . Eat This. create verballyn & Teller Bullshit. Dir. Mark Wolper. Perf. Pen Jillette and Teller. 2003. DVD. Showtime Entertainment. 2004. Fagan Ph. D. , John B. Genetically Engineered Food- a Serious Health Risk. NetLink. 15 April 2006 . Flynn, Kara. Trade War over Biotech Food Now, Later, or Never. Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology. 13 Feb. 2003. 16 Apr. 2006 Genetically Modified Food. Wikipedia. 16 Apr. 2006. 17 Apr. 2006 Lemonick, Michael D. Eat Pork, Prevent Heart Disease?. TIME Magazine. 27 Mar. 2006. Marvier, Michelle. Ecology of Transgenic Crops. American Scientist Magazine 89 (Mar. 2001) 160-167. Nash/Zurich, J. Madeleine. Grains of Hope. TIME Magazine. 31 July 2000. Rifkin, Jeremy. Biotech Century Playing Ecological Roulette with Mother personalitys Designs. The Presence of Others. Ed. Andrea A Lundsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. 4th ed. Boston Bedford/ St. Martins, 200 4 287-97.

Effects of Job Rotation

cover the various issues of coverrial behaviour and related matters raised by this case study Laurie J. Mullins argues that A fist step in the effective management of other people is confidence in your own ability, and sensation of your own strengths and weaknesses. Why is it then that managers find it difficult to admit their mistakes, to say sorry or to antic at themselves? 1 In the building society case study, there are examples of bad managerial behaviour on the part of both bloody shame Rodgers, the branch manager and Jane Taylor, the senior branch assistant.Jane Taylor was all the way good at her job if, after four years, she was promoted to this new role, yet within a brusque period of time, she was having trouble with Tony Jackson. Looking back at what Mullins said, Miss Taylor doesnt appear to have confidence in her own ability or indeed awareness in her own strengths and weaknesses. According to Thompson McHugh control is non an end in itself, but a means to transf orm the capacity to work established by the wage relation into profitable production, and Jane is unable to control her sub-ordinate what are the reasons for this?Part of the problem stems from the parentage of the case study and the relationship between Jane and her manager. Mary Rogers does not instil any confidence in Jane when she effectively dumps this new role. Up until now, Jane has been performing specific task functions and has no real knowledge of how to manage people as she has previously been performing the duties of a cashier and looking after mortgage advice accounts more(prenominal) task orientated skills rather than managerial ones. The refresher course she attends includes nothing on this either and Jane like a shot falls into what McGregor calls the Theory X assumption of human nature.The central principle of Theory X is direction and control through with(predicate) a centralised system of organisation and exercise of authority2 and Jane automatically tries t o coerce and direct Tony Jackson. The inability of Mary Rodgers to provide effective support and development for Jane shows a clear ineptitude on her part. She admits herself that the reason for Janes furtherance is that I Mary need someone to take some of the weight off my shoulders and she seems to be reluctant to servicing intervene and solve

Contradiction Between Innocence and Individuality in the Age of Innocence

CONTENTS ABSTRACT 2 3 1 Introduction 4 2 identity operator and innocence in The climb on of washragness 6 2. Ellens Individua ask upic Qualities 7 2. 2 whitethorns Artificial naturalness 10 2. 3 Contradiction in the midst of Individuality and Innocence 12 3 hoar b be-assed York companionship in The years of Innocence 14 3. The accessible Values of grey-haired new-sprung(prenominal) York Society 15 3. 2 Attitude toward Ellens Individuality 16 3. 3 Attitude toward whitethorns Innocence 17 4 Conclusion 18 BIBLIOGRAPHY 20 ABSTRACT Edith Whgraphicson is acknowledged as integrity of the to the highest degree important Ameri fucking effeminate authors in the proto(prenominal) 20th century, who produced numerous works of different types much(prenominal) as novels, poems, critic essays, travelling diaries and autobiographies. The get along with of innocence, the most successful work, made her the first char de acknowledger the goods Pulitzer Prize in 192 1. Ellen Olenska and whitethorn Welland, argon deuce char charrish promoters in The Age of Innocence. Through compendium on the omparison between different mortalalities of these dickens protagonists and clubho wasting diseases different attitudes towards them, the author of this paper attempts to suggest that the pompousity of high participation is much weightier than the sideline of laissez prettye in that given era, yet the individuals, especially women should graduation out their circumscribed roles to realize their rum identity. Key Words The Age of Innocence, identicalness, innocence, convention Contradiction between Innocence and Individuality in The Age of Innocence 1 IntroductionEdith Wharton, novelist and author of short fiction, was innate(p) into a c arfully guarded upper categorize of newfound York accessible club in 1862 and died in 1937. Her p arents, George J anes and Lucretia Rhinelander, were from both(prenominal) aristocratic families that subdued clean York guild. Both her fathers and m a nonher(prenominal)s family protected her in the new-fashioned York Four Hundred1. Though born in saucy York, Wharton was transformed by European destination and tradition beca commit she once lived in France, Italy, Germ some(prenominal) and Spain between the days of four and ten.She herself insisted that after she returned to New York at the age of ten, she never felt otherwisewise than as in exile in America. So deeply influenced by both European and American culture, Wharton produced a great number of fictions with the cathode-ray oscilloscope of New York rescript and European survive. During her demeanor condemnation, Wharton published numerous works as a writer, including 86 short stories, 11 collections of short fiction, 22 works of with child(p) fiction, 3 collections of poetry, books on architecture and gardens, a travel book, a critical break d take called The Writing of Fiction, and an autobiography A Backwa rd Glance.Wharton achieved great accomplishment as a effeminate writer in American literary hi narrative. Her most productive period as a novelist began with the publication of The admit of Mirth in 1905 and ended with the publication of The Age of Innocence in1920, which enabled her to become the first effeminate writer who was awarded the Pulitzer Prize. Elizabeth Ammon once argued that women like Wharton, Cather and Stein were the real giants against whom writers such as Fitzgerald and Heming steering needed to define themselves. The Age of Innocence was the most sophisticated novel written by Edith Wharton in the year of 1920, when American women first had the dependable to vote. Wharton reviewed the 1870s New York upper-class society in the sight of 1920s. Like most of her works, The Age of Innocence tells a story astir(predicate) eff and marriage among three characters Newland Archer, Ellen Olenska and whitethorn Welland. Young lawyer Newland and beautiful misfire may announce their engagement at the party for welcoming the return of Ellen Olenska, whitethorns first full cousin who was born in New York but later has grown up in Europe and unify a wealthy Polish Count.Ellen comes back to New York for her familys backup and harbor because of her husbands unfaithfulness. However, as she claims to divorce, the substantial family as well as the whole one-time(a) New York society potently opposes to it for they regard divorce as scandal and humiliation. So they send Newland to persuade Ellen from her decision. However, Newland is gradually fascinated by Ellens confidence, sophistication and individuality, which he never feels from his simple fiancee and inevitably falls in love with her.He hesitates between the two totally different women and vacillates whether he run off with Ellen to live a life with moral degagedom and personal fulfillment or marry may to live a decent life accepted by the whole upper class though he static loves Ellen. Later, he truly marries May but after their marriage, Newland dates with Ellen frequently and has planned to elope with her to Europe. However, to eitherones surprise, Mays announcement of pregnancy smashes Newlands wish tho end to. It traps Newland in the excruciating marriage and expels Ellen from New York society.Thus, at the end of the story, the three characters all surrender to their destiny. Many major literary critics and authors birth reviewed The Age of Innocence. The list of writers and scholars who have reviewed it includes such important figures as Carl Van Doren, Henry Seidel Canby, William Lyon P attentions and Vernon L. Parrington. The criticism of The Age of Innocence is roughly divided into two categories Naturalism and Feminism. The source one thinks that this novel is influenced by Whartons growing background and the vast change of society.The latter one holds the aspect that the novel expresses the female constrain and rebellion. Both of the two views tr ain sense. The Age of Innocence gives us a portrait of of age(predicate) New York society in 1870s, a particular moment in history when individuality is shunned and a set of hearty rituals and conventions are enforced. During that period, it is common that the intellectuals, artists and writers are not welcomed by out of date New York society members for they would probably bring rough ideas and opinions that are disconcerting.On the contrary, most members believe that they have the duty to stick to the rules and conventions upheld by old New York society, and few of them are able to get rid of them and take their lives into their own hands. However, Ellen Olenska, the leading female protagonist in The Age of Innocence, as an alien and invader of experienced New York society, is against those rigid conventions to a large extent. Brought up in Europe, Ellen has become a kind of female maintaining her own individuality which does not cost in those New York women at all.It is e xactly this kind of individuality that conflicts against the national celebration of female innocence. 2 Individuality and Innocence in The Age of Innocence Literary works forever and a day have their female protagonists as heroines. It is generally accepted that men are born to develop their individual identities darn women are doomed to serve men. They should be relative to men. To please them, to contribute themselves loved and honored by them, to make life sweet and agreeable to themthese are the duties of women at all epochs, and what should be taught them from their infancy. (Rousseau 1966, p. 263) So in many mens novels, women usually serve as the mere subordinate characters. However, in Whartons novels, the female figures weigh as important as male figures. Just as Mary Kelly once pointed out, the female figure in Whartons novels is a strong, commanding, central figure in the home, a supportive and maneuver redeemer for husband a model and teacher of rectitude for childr en and a reformer of and servant to an American society judged to be in dire need of regeneration. Yet on the other hand, an undercurrent of despair runs byout the novels which question the possibility of womens autonomy and individuality. (Dudovitz 1900, p. 88) The idea is well presented in Whartons The Age of Innocence. There are two sharply contrasted female characters Ellen Olenska and May Welland. May Welland is a charming issue daughter with the careful bringingup in Old New York society who represents innocence. On the contrary, Ellen Olenska, the disturbing element of that society, is a dark, love lifeate beauty touched with the xperience and idea of Europe who represents individuality. 2. 1 Ellens Individualistic Qualities Ellen Olenska, one of the female protagonists in The Age of Innocence, is born in an aristocratic family of formidable social background in New York. However, her parents were dead when she was a microscopic girl. So she grows up in Paris full of m usic and art with her aunt, Mrs. Medora Manson, a lady being independent. This distinguishes Ellen from the characters of those typical New Yorkers in The Age of Innocence. Unlike the innocent May, Ellen is somber and attracts all peoples eyes.In the opening scene of the novel, when those aristocrats are watching the opera Faust in the new Opera House, Ellens first appearance makes all people shocked because she is a abridge young woman, a little less tall than May Welland, with brown hair growing in close curls some her temples and held in place by a narrow band of diamondswhich gave her what was then called Josephine date, carried out in the cut of the dark blue velvet gown rather theatrically caught up under her bosom by a girdle with a laree old-fashioned clasp. (Wharton 1996, p. 7) When she was a little child, Ellen scandalized (ibid. p. 52) her family because she was in crimson merino and amber beads, like a gipsy foundling (ibid. , p. 53), and was a fearless and old(pre nominal) little thing, who asked disconcerting questions, made precocious comments, and possessed outlandish arts, such as dancing a Spanish shawl dance and singing Neapolitan love-songs to a guitar (ibid. , p. 53). Unlike her other cousins growing up in the respectively restricted atmosphere, Ellen receives expensive but incoherent education which makes her incompatible with the society, and thus she is doomed to closing off and separation from the old New York society.Ellen leaves her unfaithful husband in Europe for the comforts from her family members in New York. However, when she returns, she notices that everything has changed from her memory. And through a series of evets, it can be concluded that Ellen is a sincere, strong-minded, independent and sophisticated person with strong individuality. Beauvoir says, It is required of woman that in order to realize her femininity, she must make herself object and butt which is to say that she must renounce her claims as sovereign subject.It is this conflict that especially marks the situation of the emancipate woman. (Beauvoir 1953, p. 643) Ellen is such kind of emancipated woman with courage and independence. When she comes back to New York for comfort, her past brings her not bounty but endless rumors and mocks among those so-called aristocrats. In order to seek freedom, Ellen leaves her unfaithful husband and returns to New York. However, her script and behaviors are striking and intolerable to most of the New Yorkers who are always devoted to retention their circle decent and accomplished.Ellens individuality is reflected in her confrontment with different men. Soon after she arrives in New York, she breaks the conventional rules of the old society and seeks the company of gentlemen at the party. What she has done makes people uncomfortable because the old pattern requires that a lady should wait, immovable as an idol, while the man who wished to converse with her succeeded each other at her side. (Wharton 1996, p. 56) Her individuality can also be found in her style of dressing and her folk decoration.She appears first in a decollete, showing her neck and shoulder. She chooses unadorned dark velvet for the opera, a fur-trimmed lounging robe at home-clothes. And her house is kind of foreign style full of old romantic scenes and sentiment, as the scent of some far-off bazaar, a smell made up of Turkish coffee and ambergris and dried roses. (ibid. , p. 45) Whats much, Ellen is brave fair to middling to renounce her rights. In the Old New York society at that time, the richer the husband is, the less freedom his married woman will own.As Ellen realizes that her marriage can no longer continue, she is courageous enough to leave her husband, a noble count with vast fortune and return to her hometown. Unfortunately, her clan as well as the whole New York society is not her backup but the obstacle. They exactly welcome her on condition that she doesnt bring them unpleasant d ecisions which will probably destroy the decency of the upper class. Here, Ellen is trapped in a dilemma that her authorized self is in contradiction with her role in Old New York society.For one, she may win the support of society once she decides to return to her husband. For another, she will lose all the support of society if she insists on divorce. At that time, the legislation was for the divorce while the social convention was against it. At last, driven by her strong commit for seeking individuality, Ellen makes up her mind to give up that marriage and insists in a legal opinion on her divorce. Ellens individuality is also reflected in her attitude to Newland. Though deeply affected by each other, Ellen refuses to be the mistress of him because she s clearly aware that if she sinks into this helpless love, she and Newland will be part into pieces by the harsh pragmatism. Look what Ellen responses when Newland asks her to elope with him For us? But thither is no us in th at sense We are near each other only if we stay far from each other. past we can be ourselves. Otherwise we are only Newland Archer, the husband of Ellen Olenskas cousin, and Ellen Olenska, the cousin of Newland Archers wife, trying to be happy behind the backs of the people who trust them. (Wharton 1996, p. 243)So, she rejects Newlands fantasy and persuades him to face the reality by her rationality and individuality. She cannot aimlessly yield to the social conventions by giving up her mind and soul. The itinerary for individuality is full of obstacles and people keep telling her that she will lead a better life if she gives up her idea of freedom and individuality. However, she sticks to her own perseverance and bravely put herself against the social customs. 2. 2 Mays Artificial Qualities May Welland is Newlands fiancee and succeeds in being his wife later.She is an innocent and numb girl accepted by the whole New York society. It is generally acknowledged that the most sala ble woman is this virginal girl who is the commodity needed by this materialistic world a girl without soul, without self, malformed and twisted from her rightful(a) nature into a marketable product. (Cerrito 1999, p. 372) In Newlands as well as Old New York societys eye, May represents all the merit of aristocratic class. She is innocent because she is a loving and sweet New York upper-class girl who simply doesnt conceive that what they do and what they say. born(p) into the upper-class family, she receives good training that suits the conventions of her class. She has been taught to remain graceful and noble, ignoring all the unpleasant things and avoiding all the difficulties. During their engagement, Newland sends her lilies of the valley every day, which represents virginal virtue. And during a long period, Newland supposes that his wife is an innocent and ignorant girl knowing nothing more or less evil and disturbing things. Only at the end of the story does he realize t hat May is actually complicated and calculating. However, the innocent here can e interpreted that she is conventional, unimaginative and does not think for herself, only to ingratiate the societys expectations. As Newland points out, May is a product of social system (Wharton 1996, p. 7), a creation of factitious purity (ibid. , p. 41) that is blind to reality like the Kentucky cave-fish, which had ceased to develop eyes because they had no use for them. (ibid. , p. 73) May is interested in books, but she cannot appreciate the beauty of contents in Ulysses even with the help of Archers explanation. She has little sense of humor which is obvious from her reaction to Newlands jokes. She is frank, because she has nothing to conceal, sure because she knows nothing to be on her guard against. (Wharton 1996, p. 41) As a girl of dependence, May actually follows what adults wish her to do and say and she is inclined to her mother opinion of a long engagement, just for the reason of hav ing time to prepare a hand-embroidered trousseau containing the proper number of dozens. (Wharton 1996, p. 70) Therefore, in spite of her attracting appearance, she lacks all the charming qualities which Ellen obtains to catch the sightedness of Newland.It is mainly due to the background and surroundings where she has grown up. Under such kind of atmosphere, May as well as the other women in the Old New York society gets in touch with little advanced ideas and thus, what they consider right is merely to follow the social conventions. However, May is not as innocent as she looks like. She distinguishes Newlands looking at towards Ellen at the rather early time, but she pretends to know nothing about it. She keeps silent and remains loyal to Newland even though she suspects the race between Newland and Ellen.There is much depict which can support the statement that May is not so innocent. It can be first determine from Beauforts ball when Newland asks about Ellens absence. She a nswers that it is because of the dressing problem that Ellen decides not to appear at the ball. Actually, she knows about the truth that Ellen doesnt come for fear that her scandals may influence her clans reputation. Even facing the one she loves, May electrostatic doesnt tell the truth. She says and does everything in correspondence with the social conventions rather than her true feelings.In the early time of their engagement, when Newland persuades May to advance their wedding, she responds Is it because you are not certain of continuing to care for me? Is there someone else? Ive wanted to say this for a long time Ive wanted to tell you that, when two people really love each other, I understand there may be situations which make it right that they should- should go against public opinions. And if you feel yourself in anyway pledgedand if there is any way, even by her getting divorce, Newland, dont give her up because of me (ibid. , p. 127) How beautiful and attracting of what she has saidHowever, when she really feels that Newland cannot help yielding to the relationship with sophisticated Ellen, she advances the date of their wedding just the moment he thinks of breaking the engagement. After they get married, when feeling their intention to elope to the other country, May persuades Ellen to leave New York by confiding the news of her pregnancy, though she herself doesnt confirm whether it is true or not. Thus, Ellen gives up her decision to continue having an affair with Newland and later returns to Europe. Besides, Mays announcement also pulls back Newland for the responsibility of being a husband and father. 2. Contradiction between Individuality and Innocence In The Age of Innocence, there are two female protagonists with totally different personalities though they have dividing line relation. Ellen represents the kind of New Women seeking for freedom and individuality, while May stands for the traditional women in Old New York society, graceful a nd innocent. It can be easily identified that May and Ellen are two different kinds of women by comparison of their dressing style and the way they express their ideas and many other aspects. When creating the mental image of May Welland, Wharton alludes to using papist myths and the image of Roman goddesses.Brought up in Old New York society, May has received perfect traditional education like other women in her circle. So she owns all the virtues which the society is fond of beauty, reservation, obedience and innocence. When May appears at the opera at the beginning of the novel, with her pink face and fair hair, she is dressed in white tulle caught modestly at her breasts with a gardenia and is holding a bouquet of lilies of the valley. In western culture, lily of the valley represents not only purity but also the Roman Goddess Diana2(Artemis).And in this novel, Wharton makes some(prenominal) explicit analogies of May and Diana. For example, when May makes her second formal e ntry to the Van Der Leydens dinner party, it is interpret as follows, in her dress of white and silver, with a wreath of silver blossoms in her hair, the tall girl looked like a Diana just alight from the chase. (Wharton 1996, p. 62) In the contest of archery, she comes out of the tent in her white dress, with a pale green ribbon about the waist and a wreath of ivy on her hat, she had the alike Diana-like aloofness (Wharton 1996, p. 11) All of these quotations indicate that May is pure and vigorous like Diana. However, just as puzzled as Newland Archer, what if niceness arrived to that supreme degree was only a negation, the curtain dropped before an vacuity? (Wharton 1996, p. 212) Through Newlands puzzlement, Wharton indicates that Mays gracefulness is only a kind of superficial presentation, behind of which is an clear and bland mind. It also indicates that Mays so-called innocence is a kind of cover because Goddess Diana, who represents purity and innocence, usually becomes ruthless when she tries to protect her own family.So May Welland, who knows very much about Old New York society, protects her own interests by the powerful traditional force from her aristocratic class and finally expels her cousin Ellen from New York. To some extent, May is the symbol of Old New York society. On one hand, she represents the moral jimmy orientation of Old New York society, such a superficially harmonious, stable and responsible family relation. On the other hand, she represents the nature of Old New York society that kills people without spilling blood with the graceful appearance. In contrast with Mays innocent image, Ellen is more authentic. rought up in Europe and influenced by European culture, Ellen is full of the part of freedom and independence. In order to get rid of the miserable marriage, she comes back to New York, hoping she would gain comfort and support from her relatives. However, what she has thought about is not acceptable for the upper class o f Old New York society. Ellens unique personality and exotic style are displayed from her way of dressing and decorating her house. Unlike her sister Mays white dress and silver blossom, Ellen is dressed in dark blue velvet gown.And while May is linked to white lilies of the valley, Ellen is linked to red and yellow roses. These all indicate that Ellen is full of vitality, passion and sophistication. Unlike those New Yorkers indifference, Ellen expresses her own feelings and views frankly towards different people and objects. Ellens individuality is also shown from her philanthropy and her attitude towards the servants. Ignoring the conventions and rituals held by the upper class of Old New York society, Ellen just does what she thinks is right.When her servant goes out, she lends her own inter to her, ignoring others strange glances. To some degree, Ellen stands for the new trend in Old New York society. Her image symbolizes a company of New Women seeking for freedom and individ uality who are influenced by different kinds of trends of thought in books and art. However, Old New York society still has the predominant status and it is still hard to pass through its value orientation and moral standard. Thats why it is impossible for Old New York society to accept Ellens unique individuality. Old New York Society in The Age of Innocence In The Age of Innocence, the story is based upon the background of New York society in the 1870s. After the Civil War, America underwent considerable social changes. It was just in the age of transformation to a new world from the old one. With the economic boost, the society changed to some extent. There were two rising groups despite the traditional aristocrats. One was the newly arrived immigrants from Europe and African Americans from the South. The other one was the newly capitaled classes with large possession but low social status.To Old New York society, these two groups were the invaders and trespassers. Heedless of tradition, the newborn riches and immigrants shocked Old New York society with there unfettered manners and their brash displays of wealth. However, it did not mean that the conventions and the rituals would also change. At that time, the social conventions and the popularity of keeping allay still dominated the society. People living in that circle were required to obey the rules and were forbidden to grapple against the setting rules.That is to say, it was the particular time and place that individuality was shunned and a set of rituals and conventions were enforced. During that period, people with free ideas and yeasty thinking were not welcomed by Old New York society. On the contrary, most members believed that they had the duty to follow the rules and conventions upheld by Old New York society, and few of them were able to get rid of them and take their lives into their own hands. 3. 1 The Social Values of Old New York Society In The Age of Innocence, Old New York society r efers to the time of 1870s in New York.Though new ideas and improvement flourish throughout the outside world of America, they have never penetrated the conventions of Old New York or changed its long-lasting ritual in any way. This aristocratic class tries its best to fight against creation and macrocosm. Isolated from the outside world, the society copies itself from generation to generation in its own way. In the novel, we often see children growing up in imitation of their parents. Henry and Louisa van de Luyden dominate this Old New York society through their aristocratic European ancestry.May Archer dies with fulfillment, leaving a daughter resembling her very much. Besides these characters, the public scenes also repeat themselves year after year. The opera circulates itself succession after season and the diamond arrow won from the archery match is passed on to the children. Old New York society consists of prominent families. They are classified by hierarchy according to their blood lineage and financial capacity. Usually, the former one is much more important than the latter one. As a matter of fact, the mention of money is disturbing.They talk about it and try to think about it as little as possible. Those new-rich without noble blood relation are usually looked down upon by those self-contained aristocrats. One of the most obvious indication of Old New York society is the gender proper(postnominal)ation. In the novel, many places are gender specific men go to their libraries talking about politics, finance and other issues after dinner while women use the dining room and the drawing room. In such a male-dominated Old New York society, woman always plays a role as decoration and property of husband and the perfect wife and mother.And the society is in favor of the girls who possess those feminine virtues such as modesty, purity, obedience, gracefulness and innocence. On the other hand, the society doesnt like those girls who pursue freedom and i ndividuality. Another significant figure of Old New York society is the dread of innovation. People are reluctant to change and experience those newly-born things as they may offend their existing conventions and rituals. They are used to those traditions which represent truth in their view. For them, new ideas are as dreadful and fierce as floods and savage beasts. 3. 2 Attitude toward Ellens IndividualityAccording to the existing conventions and family purity, Old New York society regards Ellen as doubtful as mushrooms. Although she is born from the Mingott family, her orphanage and long-time living abroad makes her different from those typical New York girls such as May Welland. So Old New York society regards Ellen as an outsider and intruder to their circle. It is widely believed that those fossil New Yorkers like innocent young women more than sophisticated women. Ellens orphanage, her experience of living in Europe and her scandal with her Polish husband all challenge the ack nowledgement of Old New York society.When Ellen first appears in front of everyones eyes, the whole society is shocked because they have never met such kind of woman with strong individuality. They are shocked by both her dressing and her behavior. The way of Ellens dressing arouses great disturbance to the upper-class of Old New York society. It is indicated from Lefferts reaction, the foremost agency of the upper-class of Old New York society. When he sees Ellen at the first sight, he cries out my god and concludes that she could not be one of the Mingott because the Mingott would not dress in that way.If Ellens dressing and behavior are surprise to Old New York society, then her decision to divorce might be the blockbuster to them. In Old New York society, it has double standard on the issue of marriage. To be more specific, it demands woman of her completely homage to her husband and marriage while man is not required to obey so in the alike(p) level. When betrayal happens, it is always woman who is to blame. Although Ellens unsuccessful marriage is due to her husbands unfaithfulness, Leffert still finds it unacceptable of Ellens choice to divorce.So when Ellens Grandma Mrs. Mingott holds a welcome party for her, he refuses to take part in. As Leffert enjoys high prestige and commands universal respect, other members of the society all follow him and reject the invitation. As a result, no one appears at that party. The refusal to accept Ellen by the whole Old New York society reveals that all people are firmly in favor of conventions and against the nonconformity. In that case, social conformity is much weightier than the pursuit of personal happiness and freedom.In 1870s, it is the time when Old New York society tries their best to exclude the outsiders because they are afraid of destroying their long-lasting rituals. The flourish of bourgeoisie class forces the upper-class to insure their pace to assert the endangering conventions. For instance, th e Van der Luydens are repeatedly required to support the existing rituals. For those New Yorkers, Ellen is similarly foreign and fashionable, and thus her appearance is the potential threat to the conformity of their circle. She has stayed abroad for so long that they can hardly regard her as their comrade.Her unimaginable idea of divorce with her unfaithful husband is undoubtedly unacceptable to the upper-class. Whats more, Ellens spiritual date with Newland is another important reason that banishes her from Old New York society. It is her chance that Old New York society at that time is hypocritical and marble-hearted. 3. 3 Attitude toward Mays Innocence Unlike Old New York societys attitude toward Ellen, May is always welcomed by this circle. In the upper-class of New York, people are more afraid of scandals and rumors than diseases because they think decency is much more important than individuality.In their opinion, keeping stable, unchanged and being innocent, obedient is mu ch weightier than pursuing personal fulfillment. brisk in Old New York society since she was born, May is undoubtedly sincere, innocent and sensitive which is in consent to the society In Old New York society the most salable woman, is the virginal child bride, May Welland, who is commodity demanded by a materialistic worlda woman without soul, without self, distorted and twisted from her true nature into a marketable product. (Cerrito 1999, p. 372) As is mentioned above, May is the most salable woman in Old New York society, which means she is widely welcomed and accepted in that circle. The New York society needs this kind of conventional woman who is without any thought and imagination for change. Brought up by the society, May always obeys all the conventions held by this society and always satisfies the New York societys and her familys expectation. In other words, May is the idol woman in patriarchal system in Old New York society.In this society, it is regarded that women are the mastery of men and is required that women should be fully dependent on men. It is hard to imagine that women have the same rights as men. To this extent, May perfectly matches Old New York society, for she is virtuous because she is incapable of temptation, competent because she is incapable of any deep perturbation, and willing to suit herself to the least decorum of their world because she is incapable of understanding that there is anywhere anything larger or freer. (Carl 1920, p. 86) 4 Conclusion Not as a writer of manner as some critics comment on Edith Wharton, she is an outstanding female writer who seeks for the true meaning of life. During her lifetime, she has devoted to keeping the balance between personal desire and social responsibilities. Although born in an aristocratic family in New York, Wharton discloses the limitations and demerits of her class in a rather cruel way when she writes different novels. Among them, The Age of Innocence is one typical represen tative which has been awarded the Pulitzer Prize.Wharton wrote The Age of Innocence not just about the lost love, but also about the profound distress caused by the destruction of World War I and by the deaths of her close friends such as Henry James and Howard Sturgis, all of which indicated that the former era had ended. This novel was written in 1920 when World War I had just finished. After that disaster, the world, especially the New York society, was out of order both materially and spiritually. Under the circumstances, Wharton was puzzled so that she decided to write a story with the settings in 1870s in Old New York society.Compared to the reality, Old New York society was much more stable. However, she was also aware that stable as it was, it would strangle all the personal fulfillment and freedom because of its social conventions and rituals. In the 1870s, though Old New York society has experienced great changes, it is not to say that the new social order is free of norms . It is a society which is frightened by change that it absolutely stands for obedience and innocence against creativity and individuality. At that time, women are never given the chance to enjoy economic independence like men.Besides, there are many conventions existing in Old New York society. Women are encouraged to play the role as perfect wife and mother and to tolerate the betrayal of their husbands. All in all, it is concluded that the core of the conventions and rituals in Old New York society is that woman should play passive roles in social affairs and should live for the whole family other than for her own happiness. It is represented in The Age of Innocence by the two protagonists May Welland and Ellen Olenska.It is illustrated how Ellens individuality challenges the long-time accepted innocence, and how Old New York society sustains its rules and conventions by oppressing Ellens individuality and encouraging Mays obedience to innocence. As a representative of traditiona l woman in Old New York society, May obeys all the rules regulated by the patriarchal society. On the other hand, as a representative of New fair sex in Old New York society, Ellen challenges the traditional womans role and tries to be the kind of women of rationality, independence and individuality.As a result, it is concluded that through the contradiction between Ellens individuality and Mays innocence, the conventionality of society is much weightier than the pursuit of individuality in that given era, yet the individuals, especially women should step out their circumscribed roles to realize their unique identity. 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It represents the number of people in New York who really mattered. 2 Roman Goddess Diana and Greek Goddess was the same person. She was the goddess of3Zbh? ? Eou? 4n? S? Z? ? zAAOoaU? U UU U wi? ? ? hybPCJ? o(pichuehybPCJOJ? o(pichY9lCJ? o(pichhYhybPCJ? o(pichybPhybPCJ? o(pichhYhybPCJ wild animals, wilderness and virginity.